Risks of Cadmium Nanoparticles on Estuarine Organisms : Ecotoxicological Effects of Engineered Cadmium Nanoparticles through Biochemical and Behavioral Responses in Two Marine Invertebrates, Nereis diversicolor and Scrobicularia plana

Abstract:

There is an increasing concern over the safety of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) to humans and the environment. It is important that the environmental risks of these particles to be tested under research and regulatory schemes, e.g. Nano Risks to the environment & Human Health (NanoReTox) under Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) in EU. Due to their unique properties and the fact that their detection and characterization in complex matrices is challenging, classic analytical methods and test approaches for assessing environmental risk may not be appropriate for ENPs. In this paper I present the challenges associated with ENPs exposure to the estuarine environment and the testing of a chosen ENPs to generate data on ecotoxicity in the test estuarine organisms for further consideration of risk assessment of marine environment. Careful consideration was given to the selection of the test materials (benthic organisms Nereis diversicolor and Scrobicularia plana), the test system and the test exposure conditions (CdS ENPs and aqueous CdS added to filtered natural seawater with a concentration of 10 µg L^-1). Evaluation of the exposure effects was carried out by behavioral tests (burrowing kinetics and feeding rate) and biochemical responses (quantification of biomarkers). Multispecies Freshwater Biomonitor®  (MFB) tests and GST analysis results show significant differences in between control group and CdS NPs exposure one, indicating that CdS NPs are potential to cause sublethal effects in test organisms. Our knowledge in environmental risk assessment of ENPs is still limited. Coordinated research is required to gain a better understanding of the factors and processes affecting ENP fate and effects in the environment as well as to develop more usable, robust and sensitive methods for characterization and detection of ENPs in environmental systems.