To Make Iron of Iron : A Comprehensive Analytical Study of Spade Shaped Iron Bars

University essay from Stockholms universitet/Arkeologiska forskningslaboratoriet

Author: Nickolas Pappas Adlreburg; [2017]

Keywords: Archaeological Science; Archaeometallurgy; Spade Shaped Iron Bars; X-Ray Fluorescence XRF ; Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM ; Metallography; Swedish Archaeology; Archaeology in Norrland; Scandinavian Iron Age; Nordic Iron Age; Roman Iron Age; Migration Period; Vendel Period; Prehistoric Metallurgy; Slag; Iron Bar; Currency Bar; Bloomery; Bloom Iron; Bog Iron; Limonite; Mineral Iron Ores; Hematite; Magnetite Phosphoric Iron Steel; Prehistoric Steel; Ferrite; Pearlite; Nickel; Cobalt; Phosphorus; Arsenic; Magnesium; Sulfur; Manganese; Norrland; Middle Norrland; Uppland; Gästrikland; Hälsingland; Medelpad; Jämtland; Södermanland; Helgö; Torsåker; Gåcksätter; Alborga; Offerdal; Selånger; Villberga; Arbrå; Laborativ Arkeologi; Arkeometallurgi; Spadformiga Ämnesjärn; Röntgenfluorescens XRF ; Svepelektronmikroskop SEM ; Metallografi; Svensk Arkeologi; Norrländsk Arkeologi; Förnnordisk Arkeologi; Skandinavisk Järnålder; Nordisk Järnålder; Fornnordisk Järnålder; Romersk Järnålder; Folkvandringstiden; Vendeltiden; Forhistorisk Metallurgi; Slaget; Ämnesjärn; Blästerugn; Blästa; Myrmalm; Sjömalm; Limonit; Bergmalm; Hematit; Magnetit; Fosforisk Järn Stål; Förhistorisk Stål; Ferrit; Pearlit; Nickel; Kobolt; Fosfor; Arsen; Magnesium; Svavel; Mangan; Norrland; Mellannorrland; Uppland; Gästrikland; Hälsingland; Medelpad; Jämtland; Södermanland; Helgö; Torsåker; Gåcksätter; Alborga; Offerdal; Selånger; Villberga; Arbrå;

Abstract: This thesis aims to provide adequate analytical information on the spade shaped iron bars of Norrland and central Sweden. While their significance has been thoroughly debated for decades, analytical research on them has been confined to cases of single artefacts or theoretical interpretations of their value, meaning and origin. In this study a comprehensive approach is taken into consideration. Based on X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and metallographical analysis this thesis seeks to facilitate new interpretations on quality, production centres and usage based on analytical results. Aiming to settle some of the long lasting questions regarding the artefacts while producing results which can further the discussion by raising new questions, previously unasked.

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