Paradigm Shift : The musical developement of barbershop harmony between 1939-2918

Abstract: Barbershop harmony in the form of quartet singing has its roots in the USA from the middle of the 19th century and has grown into its own unique genre. Towards the end of the 1930’s the genre had almost disappeared, and in 1938 an organization was formed to preserve it. A year after the organization started, a yearly contest to crown the best barbershop quartet was held for the first time. These contests have now been going on for eighty years and have played a very important role in keeping the genre alive and well. The contests also meant change for the genre; new quartets came up with new ideas and new takes on how the genre can be performed. This called for a set of rules to be applied to the contest, and they have changed as the style has progressed over the years. The purpose of this study is to compare the contestable songs sung by barbershop champion quartets over the past eighty years, exploring how the genre has changed, first and foremost looking at musical aspects from an arranger's perspective, searching for paradigm shifts and musical trends within the genre. The material that has been gathered to perform the study is in form of recordings from all eighty champion quartets. The method of the study is to decide on one definition of the genre and thoroughly walk through what the definition implies, then to listen through the material in chronological order and see how well it follows the definition of the style, but also how it has evolved over the years. The study resulted in a noticeable change from ‘less barbershop’ in the early days of the contest to ‘more barbershop’ according to today’s definition. For about 30 – 40 years this solidification of the genre was more or less the same. Then it started changing more and more towards the kind of barbershop we often hear today. The biggest written change in the genre has been from almost complete homophony to more polyphony, as the arrangements have become more and more advanced. Also, the vocal range has widened, and voicings are sometimes more divorced than the usual close harmony version of barbershop. Fusion with other styles such as pop, blues or musical has become more usual, evident in both the arrangements and how the singers treat the music. Even the chord vocabulary itself has ever so timidly started to grow. The results show a wider variety of barbershop on contest stage today. This hopefully makes the genre more accessible than ever, even though the elite groups have become more advanced.