Mass evacuation - human behavior and crowd dynamics - What do we know?

Abstract: The field of mass evacuation has existed for a long time. Already during the Roman Empire era evacuation problematic was considered. In modern times the field has gained more attention during the last couple of decades, especially for sports grounds and stadiums. Through analysis of some well-known historical crowd disasters and through a literature survey the aim has been to compile the most important findings. The aim has also been to analyze problem areas, knowledge and development opportunities. Regarding the problems of mass evacuation, preventive measures like design and contingency plan is of high importance. In addition there is a need for good communication and to take proper actions when an accident occurs. Some phenomenon that may arise during crowded situations have been found. These phenomenon are an indication that a catastrophic situation might emerge. With knowledge and understanding of those the expectation is, with the help of live video recordings and simulation softwares, to get a warning about the elevated risk for the crowd.