Real-time Ray Traced Ambient Occlusion and Animation : Image quality and performance of hardware- accelerated ray traced ambient occlusion

Abstract: Recently, new hardware capabilities in GPUs has opened the possibility of ray tracing in real-time at interactive framerates. These new capabilities can be used for a range of ray tracing techniques - the focus of this thesis is on ray traced ambient occlusion (RTAO). This thesis evaluates real-time ray RTAO by comparing it with ground- truth ambient occlusion (GTAO), a state-of-the-art screen space ambient occlusion (SSAO) method. A contribution by this thesis is that the evaluation is made in scenarios that includes animated objects, both rigid-body animations and skinning animations. This approach has some advantages: it can emphasise visual artefacts that arise due to objects moving and animating. Furthermore, it makes the performance tests better approximate real-world applications such as video games and interactive visualisations. This is particularly true for RTAO, which gets more expensive as the number of objects in a scene increases and have additional costs from managing the ray tracing acceleration structures. The ambient occlusion methods are evaluated in terms of image quality and performance. Image quality is assessed using structural similarity index (SSIM) and through visual inspection. The performance is assessed by measuring computation time, in milliseconds. This thesis shows that the image quality of RTAOis a substantial improvement over GTAO, being close to offline rendering quality. The primary visual issue with RTAO is visible noise - especially noticeable around the contours of moving objects. Nevertheless, GTAO is very competitive due to its performance, the computation time for all GTAO tests were below one ms per frame. At 1080p full-resolution GTAO was computed in 0.3883 ms on a RTX 3070 GPU. In contrast, the computation time of RTAO at 1080p and two samples per pixels were 2.253 ms. The cost of updating and rebuilding ray tracing acceleration structures were also noteworthy. Overall, the results indicate that hardware accelerated ray tracing can be used for significant improvements in image quality but adoption of this technique is not trivial due to performance concerns.