The European Union’s ‘effectiveness’ in addressing Libyan issues in the eras 1985-1993 and 2011

Abstract: This paper gives a historical institutionalist account of the European Union’s effectiveness when addressing Libyan issues in the time periods of 1985-1993 and in 2011. Effectiveness is defined through the application of a triangular model suggested by authors Charlotte Bretherton and John Vogler. Hence, the theoretical framework consists of the concepts of ”Presence”, ”Opportunity” and ”Capability”. Using sources such as the United Nations Security Council Resolutions and European Union Treaties and Regulations, I seek to explore how these three institutions have changed and evolved over time since 1985 thus investigating whether there have been changes to the effectiveness of the European Union.