Climate Change Adaptation Measures and Their Determinants : a case of farm-level in Rachaya Bekaa, Lebanon

Abstract: Climate change is increasing the detrimental effects on agricultural productivity. Effective adaptation measures are crucial to cope with climate change impacts to reduce farmers' vulnerability and build resilience. Therefore, this study conducted surveys in the Bekaa Valley of the Rachaya district to identify the most common measures farmers use to adapt to climate change, the factors influencing their adaptation, and their perception of climate change. Crop diversification, efficient water irrigation systems, and change in planting dates are the most used adaptation measures among 185 farmers. The multivariate probit model results showed that age and crop pest attack significantly influence the adoption of crop diversification, whereas training, crop pest attacks, floods, access to climate information, and social capital significantly influence the adaptation measure of efficient water irrigation systems. Change in planting dates was affected negatively by access to credits and schooling years; however, access to climate information and social capital were positively influenced. Our findings show that farmers adopt measures that are not aligned with the increase of precipitation levels, have a weak educational background, minimal youth participation, and face credit constraints. On the other hand, receiving climate-related information and participating in social groups significantly impacts the adaptation measures chosen. Therefore, the implications for policymakers will be implementing climate change learning centers, agricultural and credit policies, establishing agricultural schools and tailored programs, and forming social clubs. These will enhance the agricultural sector and adaptation to climate change.