TRUST, VALUES AND QUALITY OF GOVERNMENT A multilevel cross-country investigation of public support for environmental taxes

Abstract: Environmental taxes are argued to be the key to more effective environmental protection in developing countries. This paper investigates whether such taxes have the necessary public support to be successfully implemented in different contexts, including countries outside the Western and European spheres. Applying a multilevel analysis approach, using data from the World Values Survey and International Social Survey Programme, interaction effects between values, political and social trust, and perceived quality of government institutions (QoG) are explored. It is hypothesized that if people lack trust in public authorities to implement green taxes in an efficient, fair and uncorrupt manner, they will be less likely to support such taxes despite their strong pro-environmental values or trust in other people. The results show that people with green values are more likely to support environmental taxes if they live in high QoG countries. The effect of social trust on support for green taxes, however, appears to be contingent on individual-level political trust rather than the quality of government institutions. These interactions are encouraged to be further explored, since they appear to vary across countries and datasets. Some explanations for public support for green taxes might not hold in all contexts, as is illustrated by findings here. While support for environmental taxes is found to be relatively high in some developing countries, low QoG in these contexts might cause low compliance in practice. Internationally, public aversion towards higher taxes to protect the environment is still relatively high.