Centering farmer perspectives on a dry-fertiliser made from human urine: a case study on Gotland, Sweden

Abstract: To reduce eutrophication and close the nutrient loop between sanitation and agriculture, innovations to recycle human waste are being further developed. As there is little research on Swedish farmer perspectives towards human urine fertilisers, this study investigates Gotlandic farmer perspectives on a dry-fertiliser derived from human urine, developed by Sanitation360. Diffusion of innovation theory is utilised to investigate urine’s relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability and observability and how these pose as barriers or potentials for adoption. Qualitative data collection included semi-structured interviews with nine farmers, two key informant interviews and informal discussions with Sanitation360’s CEO. Findings show farmers are positive towards its circular benefits, dry-form and locally produced aspects but there is low awareness regarding that urine can be used in conventional farming. Worries about hazardous substances due to Sweden’s ongoing sludge debate, scepticism towards consumer acceptance and legislative barriers for organic farmers stand in the way of adoption.