Opportunities and barriers for biodiesel and bioethanol in Germany, the United Kingdom and Luxembourg. Country studies and recommendations for policy makers

Abstract: Substitution of fossil transport fuels with biodiesel and bioethanol can lower greenhouse gas emissions, reduce dependency on oil and strengthen agriculture. This thesis describes, compares and analyses market penetration of biodiesel and bioethanol, as well as the socio-political context for biofuels, in Germany and the United Kingdom. General conclusions for policy makers wanting to design or change their biofuels policy are derived from the country studies. Specific recommendations on how to implement the European Biofuels Directive in Luxembourg are also given. In particular, it is argued that an obligatory biofuel quota scheme is most suitable for promoting biofuel use in Luxembourg.