Advanced Footwear Technology, Are Ground Reaction Forces and Lower Extremity Loading Dependent on Shoe Energy Return Characteristics?

Abstract: In the long distance running community there is currently controversy as a result of the release of Advanced Footwear Technology (AFT) type of shoes. The AFT shoes with performance enhancing mechanical properties are currently used with great success. All of the current world records in long distance running have been set by athletes wearing the novel type of shoes. The new type of shoes have been shown to reduce energetic cost of running but the exact mechanisms of the reduced energetic cost are still unclear. In the research community several hypotheses of mechanisms and performance enhancing features exist. In this thesis the focus was on investigating the performance enhancing feature, energy return and the effect it has on the biomechanical variables, ground reaction force, joint moments and joint power.  For this thesis five male subelite to elite runners were recruited. The participants ran over two force platforms with a controlled running velocity while motion data was recorded with a marker based motion analysis system. The curves from the contact of the foot with the force platform were analysed with the motion analysis software, Visual 3D and the SPM1D statistical package in Matlab.  The results suggest that energy return properties of AFT shoes do affect lower extremity loading. Significant differences in the biomechanical variables GRF, ankle moment and ankle power were seen between high energy return shoes and low energy return shoes. In addition the number of significantly different intervals show a tendency of a pattern, where shoes share the largest amount of significantly different intervals with shoes that are furthest away on the energy return list. However, shoe #4 did not behave according to the energy return ranking. This means that a sole dependency on energy return characteristics was not found.    The knowledge gained from this thesis does not reduce the controversy surrounding the shoes. It does however establish a base for further research in the area of AFT. From that base, further research could create a solid scientific understanding of the shoes, which can be used to justify regulation changes. Regulations with a solid scientific backing would reduce the controversy.