Nature-based solutions in urban contexts: A case study of Malmö, Sweden

Abstract: Nature-based solutions (NBS) offer the potential to sustainably address environmental problems in an urban context, with environmental, social, and economic benefits. As a relatively new concept, NBS is poorly defined in the literature and there is great need for more empirical information about implementation and impacts. This case study of the city of Malmö, Sweden, attempts to understand the structure and function of communities working on NBS within the city in the context of a practice theory framework. It identifies how previous NBS have been implemented, and what outcomes were observed, as well as drivers and barriers to NBS implementation and mainstreaming. A narrower definition of NBS is proposed, requiring both a problem to address and an alternative conventional solution that may be rejected. Three key developments with NBS projects were identified: the redevelopment of Augustenborg with an open stormwater drainage system in response to severe flooding; open drainage systems, green roofs, and other features in the Western Harbour; and the large green roof in the new development of Hyllie. These NBS projects were implemented by a complex interdisciplinary community consisting of members from city departments, public utilities, developers, architects, and academic researchers. Historical drivers include pressure from serious problems, such as flooding, and the dedicated work of individuals, while barriers include institutional inertia and lack of knowledge, particularly of the cost-benefit side of NBS. Over time the city’s planning focus has shifted from problemsolving NBS with strong, measurable goals, to more symbolic projects better described as green-blue infrastructure, lacking clear goals and in many cases a conventional alternative. This appears to be due in part to the weakening of connections between different communities, and thus a weakening of the NBS community of practice in Malmö. Recommendations are provided for strengthening the NBS community of practice and facilitating knowledge transfer within the city, as well as for areas of further research, both in evaluating environmental impacts and in social impacts and aspects of implementation. NBS have the potential to play an important role in addressing some of Malmö’s environmental and social challenges in the future, but the concept and goals must be clearly defined, and projects implemented equitably and evaluated for effectiveness.