Social Media in a Fragile State : An examination of How Increased Internet Access Has Affected The Social Cohesion and Development of Myanmar

Abstract: Social media has been idealised as a valuable tool for supporting democratic change, with digital advocates and international development organisations encouraging the mass adoption of internet-based technology to assist in giving voice to citizens, as a central constituent of the democratisation process. However, it is evident that many fragile states experience challenges posed by digital transitions. This thesis examines how digital transformation as a social process has affected the social cohesion and development of Myanmar. It further examines if the ‘Free Basics’ initiative played a role in the rapid digital transformation of Myanmar, and if there were ensuing effects on the social cohesion of the country. It also examines the role of social media in amplifying ‘voice’, and further analyses what voices are heard within the discourse. The comprehensive literature review, discourse analysis, and insight gained from interviewing a Rohingya community leader suggest that Myanmar underwent an extraordinarily rapid digital transformation which impacted the way information, socio-political events and national identity were mediated, created, and disseminated. This research demonstrates that social media did play a role in amplifying voice, which had been heralded by techno-optimists as a beacon of hope in democratisation. However, the platform amplified voices regardless of their veracity or potential to incite controversies, which led to a cataclysmic fuelling of existing ethnic tensions, and subsequently translated into an act of genocide being committed against the Rohingya population.