Sporadic-E layers in the polar cap ionosphere : A review on Es occurrence, dynamics and formation theory

Abstract: Sporadic-E layers (Es) are layers of metallic ions that appear in the lower E-region of the ionosphere and can last from under one hour to several hours. Es are found at all latitudes, but polar cap Es, and specifically over Svalbard at a latitude of around 78◦ , are the focus of this study. Data is provided from several instruments: the EISCAT Svalbard Dynasonde, the EISCAT Svalbard Incoherent Scatter Radar (ESR), SuperDARN, and modelled data from the latest Horizontal Wind Model (HWM14). Data on the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) is acquired from the NASA OMNIWeb data base. It is found that polar cap Es are a summer phenomenon, confined to the later afternoon to a couple of hours after midnight in universal time (UT), with a peak occurrence between 18-21 UT. The layer heights are mostly confined to ∼92-120 km, although there is a discrepancy between Es found in ESR data and Dynasonde data, with ESR events being confined to 92-110 km, and Dynasonde events to 95-120 km. It is also found that Es occurrence is dependent on Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) direction, with a higher occurrence during a southward and eastward IMF. The Dynasonde automatic signal processing of echoes is found to be unreliable at times with intense E-region density enhancements, such as Es. From a Superposed Epoch Analysis (SEA) on Es found in ESR data, it is found that there is a density buildup from the start of the events, peaking by 30 % of the Es lifetime, that is followed by fading at a slower rate until the end of the layer lifetime. Layer thickness is found to be largely confined to <9 km. From SuperDARN E-field data it is found that layers can form and migrate downwards to low altitudes for a strictly northward E-field. ’Flat’, low altitude layers are found during E-field directions in both the southwest and northwest quadrants. Some cases of Es formation and migration fit current theories and whilst some does not. Indications of particle precipitation that induce layer formation is found.