Techno-economic Assessment of Carbon Capture from Low Concentration Streams

Abstract: Investments in carbon capture from industrial emissions have been on the rise in recent years, having reached over $200 million in 2021 as compared to 2015’s $13 million. The Paris Agreement, signed by 196 parties globally in 2015, is purported to be the primary driver for this, with its ambitious goal of limiting global surface temperature rise to 1.5°C by the year 2100 as compared to the pre-industrial era. Achievement of a carbon-neutral future for industries has been sought by experts in more than a few ways, which include attempts directed towards re-designing current manufacturing processes to produce inherently low CO2 emissions. Although eventual elimination of carbon emissions forms the ultimate goal, complete avoidance of CO2 production does not seem probable for all industrial sectors. Emissions from industries in the medium to long term are thus foreseen to be composed between 0.5% and 7% of CO2 by moles (roughly between 1% and 10% by mass), depending on the level of dilution occurring during the various flue gas treatment procedures between their source and the capture unit. An assessment of the capabilities of two popular and one prospective carbon capture technologies in capturing CO2 from such emissions of the future has been made in this work to aid investors make informed decisions about a suitable technology. The monoethanolamine-based (MEA) absorption system, one of the most popular choices today, was found to be well capable of treating emissions composed of CO2 in proportions as low as 0.6% by mole (or ∼1% by mass) with capture rates well over 95%. Its thermal energy intensity ranged between 3.59 MJth/kgCO2 captured and 10.23 MJth/kgCO2 captured with an associated levelised cost of capture ranging between €20.36/tonneCO2 captured and €141.97/tonneCO2 captured going from the 10% concentrated to the 1% concentrated stream by mass. In comparison, the benfield system was found to effect much lower CO2 capture rates ranging between 35% and 88%, making it unsuitable for treatment of low CO2 concentrated streams. Even with such poor performance at high pressures of operation, its energy demand ranged between 3.9 MJth/kgCO2 captured and 11.07 MJth/kgCO2 captured with an associated levelised cost of capture between €174.28/tonneCO2 captured and €4209.06/tonneCO2 captured. The immobilised amine-based system, in what is considered to be a non-optimised configuration yet, was found to capture nearly 100% of the entering CO2 with energy consumption ranging between 3.71MJth/kgCO2 captured and 11.8 MJth/kgCO2 captured for extremely high, but improvable levelised costs of capture ranging between €674.31/tonneCO2 captured and €3488.42/tonneCO2 captured. Exhibiting comparable energy performance to the mature MEA-based absorption system’s even in its non-optimised configuration, the immobilised amine-based adsorption system was found to possess potential to be the carbon capture technology of the future for treatment of low CO2-concentrated effluent streams.