Usability Criteria for Human-Machine Interaction with Automated Guided Vehicles : An exploratory study on user perceptions

Abstract: Logistics 4.0 describes the profound paradigm shift driven by digital transformation that poses new challenges for the logistics industry. Working conditions change significantly as Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) take over material handling tasks. However, Human-Machine Interaction (HMI) between AGVs and their users, and the requirements for the design of AGV user interfaces considering the challenges of Logistics 4.0 have not yet been researched in depth. This qualitative study in collaboration with the intralogistics company FlexQube explores the perceived usability of AGV user interfaces for their users, derives usability criteria and investigates how usability affects the HMI. Research subject is the company's own AGV line. The six exploratory user interviews conducted with both customers and internal employees show the relevance of Nielsen's usability heuristics and identify overlaps with existing propositions for Human-Robot Interaction. The findings also highlight the impact of user demographics on the perceived usability and on the use of the automated features of the AGV. Also, the impact of the challenges of Logistics 4.0 is discussed. Thus, the study proposes that these four main aspects should be considered in the design of AGV user interfaces and suggests further research on the influence of usability on technology acceptance of automation.