The effect of sex hormones on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in women : A systematic review

Abstract: The influence of sex hormones on Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms in women has gained attention in recent years. This systematic review examines the impact of hormonal fluctuations, such as those occurring during the menstrual cycle, puberty, adulthood, and menopause, on ADHD symptoms in women. Sex hormones, including progesterone, estradiol, and testosterone, significantly affect the central nervous system and the neurotransmitters GABA, serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate, which are involved in mood regulation, behavior, and cognition. Hormonal imbalances can lead to neurocognitive dysfunctions and exacerbate the symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders like ADHD. After a thorough search in two electronic databases (Web o Science and Medline Ebsco), only three original studies were selected as matching the inclusion criteria. These studies observed the effect of sex hormones in women with regular menstruation, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), or primary dysmenorrhea (PD) on their ADHD symptoms. Based on the reviewed studies, it is evident that hormonal fluctuations throughout different life stages can influence the severity and expression of ADHD symptoms in women, thus affecting treatment and prognosis. Understanding the interaction between sex hormones and ADHD symptoms is essential for personalized treatment approaches and for improving the well-being of women with ADHD.