Resource efficient manufacturing within the steel industry : A study of the approaches utilized by steel manufacturers to optimize resource efficiency

Abstract: The steel industry plays a critical role in shaping the modern world, serving as a foundational pillar for infrastructure, construction, and manufacturing sectors. However, its rapid growth has sparked concerns regarding its environmental impact and sustainability. As the industry aims for net-zero carbon dioxide production by 2050, this report explores the challenges it faces in adopting environmentally responsible practices and presents innovative approaches to reduce its ecological footprint. Before delving into emerging technological innovations, a comprehensive overview of the current state of the steel industry was conducted to understand production levels and the methods employed by various nations. The analysis reveals five major innovative developments aimed at addressing anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions: oxygen and top gas recycling blast furnaces, biomass utilization, molten oxide electrolysis, hydrogen-based steelmaking, and carbon capture, storage, and utilization. Each approach's technological readiness level varies, with some already implemented while others, like molten oxide electrolysis, requiring further research and development. In-depth evaluations of each approach were conducted, considering both environmental and economic aspects to ascertain their feasibility and potential benefits in comparison to one another. This assessment provides an overarching perspective on the viability of each approach. With the steel industry's trajectory towards carbon neutrality, these innovative technologies hold the key to a more sustainable future for the industry. By embracing environmentally responsible practices and actively implementing these emerging solutions, the steel sector can contribute significantly to global efforts in combatting climate change and fostering a greener world.