Mathematical model for the change of the protein profiles in urine during the bladder cancer development

Abstract: Most patients with bladder cancer are in the stage of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), while 30% of patients progress to the life-threatening muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) stage because of distant metastases. The selection of treatment options depends on the bladder cancer stage. We established a relationship network for the proteins from the mice urine samples collected during the progression of bladder cancer based on biological pathways and developed population pharmacodynamic models for the proteins in the light of their relationship network. Models that can quantitatively describe changes in the protein profiles of IL1a, IL1b, Csf2, and Casp3 in mice urine samples over time during bladder cancer progression were developed with the consideration of gender differences and progressing age. Our results assist the identification of the early protein diagnostic biomarkers in urine for detecting bladder cancer at its early stages and apply appropriate treatments on patients.