The impact of error awareness on error-related negativity : A review and meta-analysis

Abstract: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the relationship between error awareness and the amplitude of Error-Related Negativity (ERN), a neural response to errors associated with cognitive control and error monitoring processes, was examined. Five studies published between 2010 and 2020, involving a total of 302 participants, were analyzed. Findings revealed a more pronounced negative amplitude of the ERN for aware errors compared to unaware errors, supporting the Error Detection Theory and Reinforcement Learning Theory. The results did not directly support or contradict the Conflict-Monitoring Theory. These findings underscore the critical role of conscious error detection in modulating ERN responses and adaptive behavioral modifications. However, due to the limited number of included studies and variability in their methodologies, caution is needed in interpreting the results. Future research should aim to validate these findings with larger samples and standardized study designs, while also exploring a more nuanced understanding of error awareness.