Greenhouse gas emissions and energy efficiency of various renewable energy pathways in the truck industry : An LCA and energy efficiency analysis on fuel production for and manufacturing of 40 tonne heavy trucks in Sweden

Abstract: This study focuses on assessing the greenhouse gas emissions and energy efficiency of 40-tonne haulage trucks in fuel production and manufacturing in a Swedish context. The aim was to provide accurate greenhouse gas accounting and evaluate the contribution to mitigating climate change. Four scenarios were analysed: hydrogen from steam reforming, hydrogen from electrolysis, biomethane from biogas, and electricity in battery-electric vehicles. A comprehensive methodology involving literature review, data collection, and CO2 emissions calculations was employed. The manufacturing stage had higher CO2 emissions than fuel production for all scenarios. Hydrogen from steam reforming had the lowest emissions during manufacturing, while LBM from organic waste had the lowest emissions during fuel production. Sensitivity analysis highlighted the importance of lifespan, fuel consumption, and electricity generation in emissions. This research provides insights into renewable technologies and underscores the need for optimization to achieve climate goals. The study supports EU and Swedish climate laws and emphasizes the significance of considering the full life cycle of fuels to accurately assess their environmental impact.