Vacuum Chamber Adaptation for Low-Power Electric Propulsion Testing : Optimizing Anode Configuration and Electrical Interface for Hollow Cathode Testing, and Conceptualizing a Setup for Field Emission Electric Propulsion Testing

Abstract: Electric Propulsion (EP) is widely acknowledged as a crucial technology for future space missions, offering significant propellant savings and enabling exploration of planetary missions with smaller spacecraft (s/c). For precise attitude control of these smaller spacecraft, Field Emission Electric Propulsion (FEEP) has emerged as a favorable option due to its exceptional thrust controllability. However, the successful operation of FEEP, as well as most other EP systems, relies on an electron source, typically a Hollow Cathode (HC), to neutralize the ion beam. This cathode’s behavior must be characterized through ground testing before being integrated with the thruster. Once integrated, the whole thruster undergoes further testing. While the testing phase plays an essential role in achieving mission objectives, there is a scarcity of comprehensive papers describing the design of test setups for cathodes, such as Heaterless Hollow Cathode (HHC), or EP thrusters like FEEP. The lack of detailed information makes it challenging for those not well-versed in this particular testing methodology to effectively replicate the tests. In an effort to address this issue, this thesis utilizes literature studies and thermal analyses to propose a HHC test setup by focusing on the anode configuration and the electrical interface; Subsequently, parts of this HHC test setup are reused in a conceptual vacuum chamber adaptation, facilitating testing of FEEP. Specifically, for the HHC setup, two stainless steel plate-shaped anodes are manufactured, and an accompanying electrical schematic diagram is presented to demonstrate the proper connection of power supplies and other necessary equipment. For the FEEP setup, a chevron beam target, an aluminum shield to protect the pump, and a heat-dissipating stand are introduced. These two test setups, along with the underlying motivation, can ideally simplify future cathode and thruster testing processes, especially for those having limited familiarity with this subject matter.