Comparison of Operator and Nonoperator Managed 5G Non-Public Networks (NPNs): Implications for Network Architectures and Cost Structures

Abstract: In the evolving landscape of communication technologies, 5G Non-Public Network (NPN) enables organizations, enterprises, and industries to have specialized, highperformance connectivity tailored to their needs. It operates independently of Mobile Public Networks (MNOs) and is designed to provide secure, low-latency, and reliable communication in two broad types: standalone or public-integrated. 5G NPN operation models include self-managed, operator-managed, and non-operatormanaged. However, with the variety of 5G NPN operation models and deployment options, organizations seek insights from practical, real-world implementation on the optimal setup to select to unlock new possibilities and revolutionize their core businesses. This study is the first to use interviews with professionals who have worked on 5G NPN deployments to compare operator and non-operator 5G NPN and look into the implications of network architectures and cost structures. The goal is to make it easier for organizations, industries, and enterprises to use and adopt 5G NPNs. The study revealed the recommended combination of operation model and deployment option according to the use-case requirements and the level of control and customization that best aligns with their unique requirements. Additionally, it illuminated areas requiring improvement from MNOs, vendors, developers, and researchers and unveiled previously unaddressed areas for the first time. Moreover, the study applied a novel integration between thematic analysis and the Technology Acceptance Framework (TAM) that serves as a model for future research in the field, contributing to the advancement of technology.