The Impact of Environmental and Social Challenges ofLithium Extraction from the Lithium Triangle Countries : A Literature Review from a Political Ecology and Environmental JusticePerspective

Abstract: The extraction of lithium, a crucial mineral for the production of batteries in the rapidlyexpanding electric vehicle and renewable energy sectors, has gained significant attention due toits environmental and social implications. This thesis provides a comprehensive literature reviewon the environmental and social challenges associated with lithium extraction from the LithiumTriangle countries, namely Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile, through the lens of political ecology.Drawing upon a wide range of scholarly articles, reports, and case studies, this research examinesthe complex interplay between ecological dynamics and sociopolitical factors in the context oflithium extraction. The literature review explores key themes including land use conflicts, waterscarcity and pollution, indigenous rights and participation, governance and regulation, and globalmarket dynamics. The literature review reveals that lithium extraction in the Lithium Trianglecountries presents various environmental challenges. These include the large-scale use of waterresources, potential water contamination from mining activities, and the disruption of fragileecosystems. From a political ecology perspective, the review highlights the power dynamics andpolitical-economic structures that shape the governance of lithium extraction. It criticallyanalyzes the role of multinational corporations, government policies, and international marketforces in influencing the environmental and social outcomes of lithium mining operations.Furthermore, the review emphasizes the importance of recognizing and incorporating theperspectives and rights of local communities and indigenous groups in decision-makingprocesses. By adopting a political ecology perspective, it underscores the need for sustainable andsocially just approaches to lithium mining that prioritize environmental conservation, communityengagement, and equitable distribution of benefits. The findings of this literature review caninform future research, policy development, and advocacy efforts aimed at promoting responsibleand inclusive practices in the lithium industry.